Numerical methods for monitoring and evaluating the biofouling state and effects on vessels’ hull and propeller performance: A review

Monitoring and evaluating the biofouling state its effects on vessel’s hull propeller performance is a crucial problem that attracts attention of both academy industry. Effective reliable tools to address this would allow timely cleaning procedure able trade off costs, efficiency, environmental impacts. In paper, authors carry out critical review, accompanied with summary tables, particular focus shipping industry state-of-the-art techniques for monitoring performance. particular, different are grouped according three main families numerical models have been designed exploited in literature: Physical Models (i.e., relying mechanistic knowledge phenomena), Data-Driven historical data about phenomena together Artificial Intelligence), Hybrid hybridisation between Models). A conclusion from performed open problems, future direction field research detailed at end review.